Understanding Secularism in India
Understanding secularism in India is important as it is a foundational principle that aims to maintain the separation of religion from the state while ensuring all religions are treated equally.
Understanding Secularism in India: Constitutional Basis
- Preamble: The word “secular” was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. It proclaims India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
- Fundamental Rights: Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution provide the framework for religious freedom and the secular nature of the state:
- Article 25: Guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
- Article 26: Grants freedom to manage religious affairs.
- Article 27: Prohibits the state from compelling any person to pay taxes to promote or maintain any particular religion or religious institution.
- Article 28: Prohibits religious instruction in educational institutions wholly funded by the state.
Features of Indian Secularism
- Equal Treatment of All Religions: The state does not favour or endorse any religion. The state actively treats all religions equally and respects the multiplicity of religious beliefs and practices.
- Positive Secularism: Unlike the Western model of secularism, which emphasises the complete separation of religion and state, Indian secularism allows the state to intervene in religious matters to ensure equality and social justice.
- Cultural and Religious Pluralism: Indian secularism acknowledges and celebrates the country’s diverse religious and cultural landscape. Also, it promotes a pluralistic society where different religions coexist peacefully.
Understanding Secularism in India : Challenges
- Communalism: Communal tensions and conflicts between religious groups significantly challenge secularism. Incidents of communal violence have been a recurring problem in India.
- Religious Politics: The use of religion in politics by various political parties and groups can undermine secular principles. Thus, this includes mobilising support based on religious identity and issues.
- Judicial Interpretations: The judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting and enforcing secular principles. However, judicial decisions on matters like religious conversions, personal laws, and temple management have sometimes sparked controversy and debate over the secular nature of the state.
- Uniform Civil Code: The debate over implementing a Uniform Civil Code, which would replace personal laws based on religious customs. Therefore, this will lead a common set of laws governing every citizen, highlights the tension between religious freedom and secularism.
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